英语翻译Another possible source of market failure is the company-external network effects of a new technology.For example,if the value of a new technology to the user strongly depends on the number of other users,the individual decision to adopt

英语翻译Another possible source of market failure is the company-external network effects of a new technology.For example,if the value of a new technology to the user strongly depends on the number of other users,the individual decision to adopt
英语翻译
Another possible source of market failure is the company-external network effects of a new technology.For example,if the value of a new technology to the user strongly depends on the number of other users,the individual decision to adopt will be largely influenced by expectations about the behaviour of others.In such a situation,market failure can theoretically occur as a result of either of two equilibriums:one in which everyone adopts,or one in which nobody adopts.It could be that one of the two equilibriums dominates the other in terms of social welfare (for example,everyone could be better off with the adoption scenario),but that the less favourable one develops in the market.This would also indicate a need for policy action.
A good example of such a situation is general purpose ICT,such as Internet access (and preferably via broadband connections).In this case,there is broad agreement that every country would be better off with a high connectivity of private households and enterprises.In countries where the development of infrastructures and user access is still in its infancy,government support or subsidies to build up infrastructures could be worthwhile policy actions.On the other hand,in countries with highly developed infrastructures,such policy action to “steer the market towards the better equilibrium” will no longer be needed.
However,due to the complexity of the investment decision framework of each enterprise,it is extremely difficult (if not impossible) to identify actual over- or under-investments in many technologies.This applies in particular to technologies that are highly specific in their purpose and do not exhibit strong firm-external network effects.For example,the lower diffusion of some e-business technologies among SMEs (such as ERP or SCM systems) compared to large enterprises does not necessarily imply that SME under-invest in these tools.There can be many good reasons for these adoption patterns,as pointed out in many of the sector studies.A small company,for example,which is a supplier of specific parts to a small number of other firms,will hardly gain significant advantages from a CRM system.

英语翻译Another possible source of market failure is the company-external network effects of a new technology.For example,if the value of a new technology to the user strongly depends on the number of other users,the individual decision to adopt
另一个可能的来源,市场失灵是公司外部网络的影响,一项新技术.例如,如果价值的新技术,向用户强烈依赖于其他一些用户,个人的决定,采取将主要受预期的行为等.在这种情况下,市场失灵理论上可以发生,由于有两种均衡：一是在大家都采用,或在其中一人采用.可能是因为其中两个平衡的占主导地位,其他在社会福利（例如,每个人都可以更好地起飞与通过的情况） ,但该逊色一发展,在市场上.这也表明需要采取政策行动.
一个很好的例子,这种情况是一般用途的信息和通信技术,诸如互联网接入（最好是透过宽频连线）.在这种情况下,存在着广泛的协议,每个国家会更好小康具有高连通性的私人家庭和企业.在国家发展基础设施和用户接入仍处于起步阶段,政府的支持或补贴,建立基础设施,可值得的政策行动.在另一方面,在高度发达的国家基础设施,如政策的行动“ ,引导市场实现更好的平衡”将不再需要.
然而,由于复杂的投资决策的框架内,每一个企业,它是非常困难的（如果不是不可能的）查明实际超额或不足,投资在许多技术.这尤其适用于技术,是非常具体的在其目的和不强烈的展览公司-外部网络的效果.举例来说,较低的扩散,一些电子商贸技术之间的中小型企业（如ERP或SCM系统）相比,大型企业,不一定意味着中小企业根据投资在这些工具.可以有很多很好的理由为这些收养的模式,指出的那样,很多的部门研究.一家小公司,举例来说,这是一个供应商的具体部分,以一个小数目,其他公司,将难以取得显着的优势,从一个CRM系统.